| Subject | Rules | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Present Perfect vs. Past Simple | Use present perfect (have/has + past participle) for actions that started in the past and continue to the present, or for past actions with present results. Use past simple for completed actions at a specific time in the past. | She has lived here for five years. / She lived in London last year. |
| First Conditional | Use present simple in the if-clause and will + base verb in the main clause to talk about real and possible future situations. | If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home. |
| Modal Verbs (must, might, could, can't) | Use must for strong obligation, might for possibility, could for past ability or polite requests, and can't for impossibility. | You must stop at red lights. It might rain later. |
| Comparatives and Superlatives | Use -er/more for comparatives (two items) and -est/most for superlatives (three or more items). For adjectives with 2+ syllables, use more/most. | This book is more interesting than that one. / This is the most exciting movie I've seen. |
| Passive Voice | Use passive voice when the focus is on the action, not who performed it. Form: object + be + past participle (+ by subject). | The cake was eaten by the children. / The report will be finished tomorrow. |
| Reported Speech | When reporting speech, change pronouns, tense, and time expressions. Say → told, present → past, today → that day. | She said, "I am tired." → She said she was tired. |
| Time Prepositions | Use at for specific times, in for months/years/centuries, on for days and dates. | at 5 o'clock, in July, on Monday, on May 5th |
| Question Tags | Use opposite polarity: positive statement → negative tag, negative statement → positive tag. Use auxiliary verb from statement. | She is coming, isn't she? / They weren't late, were they? |
| Relative Clauses | Use who/that for people, which/that for things, whose for possession. Use commas for non-defining clauses. | The woman who lives next door is a doctor. / The book, which I bought yesterday, is fascinating. |
| Future Forms | Use will for spontaneous decisions, going to for plans, present continuous for arranged future events. | I'll call you later. / I'm going to visit Paris. / We're meeting at 6 PM. |
1. since
2. rains
3. have
4. must
5. more expensive
6. was written
7. said
8. in
9. isn't
10. which
11. will